Relative Pronouns

B1 Eiken 2 Intermediate

noun + who/which/that/where/whose + clause

Explanation

Relative pronouns connect a noun to extra information about it. They help you say which person, thing, place, or possession you mean.

For example, in "I have a friend who lives in Osaka," the main part is "I have a friend." The words "who lives in Osaka" tell us which friend, and "who" refers back to "a friend." In English, the pronoun makes the link clear. Japanese often puts the describing part before the noun, but English keeps the noun first and uses a relative pronoun to connect the two parts.

Examples

  • I have a friend who lives in Osaka. 大阪に住んでいる友だちがいます。
  • The book that you gave me was great. あなたがくれた本はすごくよかったです。
  • This is the cafe where we met. ここが私たちが会ったカフェです。
  • Do you know the woman who called me? 私に電話した女性を知っていますか。
  • I don't like movies that are too long. 長すぎる映画は好きではありません。
  • She's the teacher whose class starts at 9 a.m. 彼女は、9時に授業が始まる先生です。

Common Mistakes

Japanese learners often use "which" for people, or leave out the relative pronoun.

Wrong: "The man which lives next door is my uncle."

Right: "The man who lives next door is my uncle."

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